Homework due Monday, July 1

ISCS pg. 82-83, #9-19

9.  •20 x 55 = 11 sugar

     •55-11 = 44 water

     •11g sugar, 44g water. 

10. 15,000ppm

11. Water has an uneven amount of electrical charge; the end of the oxygen atom is negatively charged and the end of the hydrogen atom is positively charged. Therefore, the water molecule is a polar molecule.

12. DRAWING

13. a. The negatively charged end which is the oxygen end.

     b. The positively charged end which is the hydrogen end.

14. Heavy metals are called heavy because their atoms have a greater mass than ones with essential metallic elements; therefore, heavy metals are dangerous to humans and other things. 

15) 3 symptoms of heavy metal poisoning are tunnel vision, numbness, and brain damage.

16)

a. Humans were probably exposed to lead because since lead is in gasoline to make it more efficient, the lead entered the atmosphere through automobile exhaust as lead oxide.

b. Humans were probably exposed to mercury because mercury was in fluorescent light bulbs.

17) Hydroxide ions (OH-) are found in many bases.

18) Hydrogen (H) is found in many acids.

19)

a. basic

b. basic

c. acidic

d. chemically neutral

20) 

a. tomato

b. black coffee

c. milk of magnesia

21) 20 times more acidic.

22)

Acidic: Fish egg development is impaired, the fish cannot reproduce, fish are intoxicated when aluminum ions are present in high concentration.

23) A polar molecule is a molecule with both a positive and negative charge because of an uneven distribution of electrical charge. For example: in water there are 2 hydrogen molecules and 1 oxygen molecule. A nonpolar molecule is a molecule that has an even distribution of electrical charge an no separate sides with positive and negative charge.

24) I would choose lamp oil to dissolve a non polar molecule because it is non polar because non-polar molecules do not dissolve well in ethanol or water since those solutions are both polar.

25) NaCl is a polar molecule; thus, it dissolves in water (also polar). But, oil is non polar so it does not dissolve well in water.

26) The phrase “like dissolves like,” exhibits the pattern of solubility behavior. Polar substances dissolve is polar solvents and non polar substances dissolve in non polar solvents.

27) Water is made of polar molecules, but grease is composed of non polar molecules; thus, the water would not be able to dissolve the oil off the pan. To get the grease off, you would have to be clean the dish with a non polar substance.

33)

a. Non polar materials would probably be found in these cleaners.

b. These cleaners are non polar and could dissolve the grease off their hands; water is polar so it would not be able to dissolve the grease.

35) I would expect Hydrogen to have a partial positive charge because the electron density is much bigger than Fluorine's density.  

The solubility curve lab begins with collecting experimental data to construct a solubility curve for succinic acid, a molecular compound.

Quick Blog Question

• You must understand how to use the solubility curve graph; however, the trickiest part is figuring out what the percent of mass is.

Homework due Friday, June 28

1.
a) It would become a super-saturated solution.
b)

2.
a)

b)

• i.
  
  
  
• ii. 25 g must evaporate because one fourth of the water must be removed.

3.
a)

b)

c) There is a higher water level in B; therefore, B is more diluted and less concentrated then A. 

EXTRA CREDIT #2

A new brick in the Great Wall

At this very moment, an additive manufacturing machine, popularly known as a three-dimensional printer, is hard at work in Haidan, a district of Beijing, China. Although they require an occasional visit from the printer supervisors, these 3-D printers generally work all on their own. Each object produced is built one layer at a time, using lasers to place thin sheets of ink to create solid objects. It is not yet ready for use in mass production; however, it is a fantastic way to make prototypes because they do not require retooling each time the specification changes. The U.S. and President Obama have developed a great interest in the art of 3-D printing, but China has already basically claimed it for its own. Currently, AFS is in the prototyping business. Many aerospace firms and vehicle-makers who need experimental designs turned into metal quickly have reached out to AFS for help. AFS uses plastic, wax, and foundry sand to print solid objects which can then be used as molds for metal objects. In fact, they have been able to prove that all the parts needed to make a prototype car engine can be printed and cast into metal in just under two weeks. AFS also sells a special type of 3-D printers, ones that are able to print metal directly, to other companies for over $250,000. These printers are made to model the largest 3-D printer in China. It is 12 meters long and is a part of the National Laboratory for Aeronautics and Astronautics at a prestigious university in China; furthermore, it produces complex parts for China’s commercial aircraft program. Making plans are extremely high tech, but the 3-D printing is also used for printing plastic objects in China such as toys and and phone cases. The company has also just released a mini 3-D printer for only a couple hundred dollars. These 3-D printers are an insanely large advance in technological history.

This article was extremely interesting to me because it is such an advancement in technology. The fact that scientists have discovered a way to produce metal parts and plastic object without manual labor is so impressive. This is such an amazing discovery now and I can only imagine how advanced our technology will be in the future.

http://www.afsinc.org/content.cfm?itemnumber=7680

6-27-13 Blog Question

I look at the solubility rules and focus on each word of the problem. Then I make sure that I execute each part of the problem accurately and properly in order to get the right answer.

Homework due Thursday, June 27

C.2 #1-3 pg. 56

1.       (a). 100 g
(b).  45 g

2.       (a). 10 g
(b).  20 g

3.       (a).  87.5 g KNO3
(b).  at least 80 g

Pg. 82 #1-8

1.       It will dissolve in hot tea because the temperature can dissolve more of the solute the higher it is. The higher temperature causes an unsaturated solution.

2.       45 g.

3.       (a). 200

(b). 710

(c). 1892

                        4. (a). 37, 31, 32

                            (b). 170, 50, 39

                        5. A saturated solution is a solution in which the solvent has dissolved as much  solute as it can retain stably at a specified temperature. An unsaturated solution is a solution containing a lower concentration of solute than a saturated solution contains at a specific temperature.

                         6. (a). 30 g

                             (b). Unsaturated

                             (c). 35 g
                         

          7. (a). The crystal will dissolve into the solution.

                (b). The crystals will remain undissolved at the bottom of the solution.

                (c). Solid crystals will form and settle to the bottom of the solution.

          8. 1.5 multiplied by 35 g= 52.5%

Water Testing Lab Report

Homework due Wednesday, June 26

25.

A qualitative test is used to identify the presence or absence of a particular substance in a sample (appearance, color, odor, etc) and a qualitative test is used to determine how much of a specific substance is present in a sample.

26.

A confirming test is a positive or negative test that confirms the presence or absence of the ion in question. You should look for a change in the appearance of a precipitate (an insoluble material) to complete this test.

27.

a). The reference solution is a solution where the ion being tested for is present. Typically, when the ion is present in the water sample, the precipitate is weaker because it’s usually present in smaller amounts than in the reference solution.

b). When an ion-stimulating solution is added distilled water, there is no reaction; however, the water remains clear because the distilled water contains no ion.

28.

The student should conclude that no iron is present since there’s no color change. But, technically, the student should conduct further tests because the iron could be present, even if it is very small and unnoticeable.

29.

a). I would stir the mixture and then let it sit to check if any solid particles would settle on the bottom of its container. I could also use the Tyndall Effect to see if it was a colloid.

b). Doing this, I would see if solid particles large enough to settle to the bottom of the mixture are present; therefore, making the mixture an example of suspension.

30.

Since medicine is a colloid, it is not uniform and you might only drink some of the minerals or solutes; thus, you need to shake it.

31.

It is useful for element symbols to have international acceptance because then they can be read by anyone so no confusion will be caused.

32. 

33. 

No because even though there is an expensive process of distillation, you can’t have 100% "chemical free" water. All of the common chemicals (oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc) are always present in water to some extent.

34.

H20 is a liquid made up of gasses; Oxygen and Hydrogen are gasses that turn into a liquid at room temperature.

      Water Testing Lab Questions:

1. The reference solution and a blank were used to compare results.

2. The problems with qualitative tests are that you can see the presence, but you cannot see the amount.

3. If the ions are are present in very small amounts, then the chemical test will not be able to produce a confirming result.

4. If the wells are contaminated, there are results will be unsuccessful.

Blog Question

How does testing water help us?

• Testing water helps us make sure that the water we drink and use for every day purposes is safe and clean. Testing water will help us decipher if there are any harmful, impure substances within the water. By determining this, we will be able to prevent dangerous and risky illnesses. 

Homework due Tuesday, June 25

ISBS pg. 51 #19-24

19.


    a) carbon: 6 protons, 6 electrons


    b) aluminum: 13 protons, 13 electrons
   

    c) lead: 82 protons, 82 electrons
   

    d) chlorine: 17 protons, 17 electrons



20.


    a) No
   

    b) No
   

    c) Yes
       

    d) No



21.


   a) anion


   b) neutral


   c) neutral


   d) cation


   e) cation



22.


   a) gaining electrons


   b) neither


   c) neither


   d) losing electrons


   e) losing electrons



23.


   a) hydrogen with 1 proton and 1electron: H


   b) sodium with 11 protons and 10 electrons: Na+


   c) chlorine with 17 protons and 18 electrons: Cl-
 

  d) aluminium with 13 protons and 10 electrons: Al+



24.


   a) K+ and I-: Potassium iodine: KI
 

   b) Ca²⁺ and S2-: Calcium sulfide: CaS


   c) Fe3+ and Br-: Iron bromide: Fe3+(Br-)3: (Fe)(Br)3


   d) Ba2+ and OH-: Barium hydroxide: Ba2+(OH-)2: (Ba)(OH)2


   e) NH4+ and PO₄^3-: Ammonium  phosphate: (NH4+)3 + PO₄^3-: (NH4)3(PO4)


   f) Al3+ and O2-: aluminum oxide: (Al3)2 + (O2-)3: (Al)2(O)3

Blog Question:

• Throughout the first week, I was most interested in the Foul Water Lab experiments we did. I had no idea of the tedious work process that goes into just purifying water for handwashing, let alone for drinking. I was so intrigued by the process itself; learning that charcoal, something I would typically look at as dirty, actually cleans water is unbelievable. Something that I will always remeber from this point on is how valuable water is. I have always thought that water is just a simple resource that takes no effort at all; however, I now know that pure water is not always available and we must be aware of the amount we take in.

Homework due Monday, June 24

A.7  pg. 20-21 #1-2

1. In total, my household used 7,530 liters of water each over the span of three days.
2. Approximately 1,506 liters of water were used per person each day.
3.

4. The range of the average daily personal water use within my class was 1,493.
5. The mean value for the class data was 600 L and the median value for the class data was 579 L.
6. We water our yards year round because we live in a desert. Also, the families in our class have more yard space than others.
7. Household.


ISBS pg. 50-51 #13-18

13.

14. (a) i, ii, iv, vi
      (b) iii, v

15. A chemical formula provides each chemical's substance and it's accompanying subscript which indicates the amount of atoms included in each element.

16. (a) Hydrogen, Phosphorus, and Oxygen; Hydrogen=3, Phosphorus=1, and Oxygen=4.
      (b) Sodium, Oxygen, and Hydrogen; Sodium= 1, Oxygen=1, and Hydrogen=1.
      (c) Sulfer, Oxygen; Sulfer=1 and Oxygen=2.

17.

18. (a) NaHCO3 + HCl ---> NaCl + H2O + CO2
      (b) C6H12O6 + O6 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O

My Water Diary

#1 and #3:

#2:

• The following model is not uniform throughout; therefore, it is a heterogeneous mixture, as well as a suspension. It is made up of one comopound with two atoms of an element, and one compound with three atoms of an element.

Extra Credit

ROBODIPTERA

Many people are convinced that there are swarms of tiny flying robots which fly around surveying the world. Although they are not completely accurate in their theories, it is true that small robotic flies are currently being launched up into the air. Just last week, Science by Robert Wood reported the successful flight of the smallest hovering robots. The robots are the size of crane flies; however, unlike most other small robots, these robots must flap their wings in order to fly. These flies also on have one pair of wings. These flying robots were created to pollinate crops; however, the military has taken an interest in them because they are potentially helpful for search, rescue, and spying. The flies were made using smart composite microstructures. SCM uses lasers to cut shapes of thin material and them together. The wings are powered by electric artificial muscles. They cannot fly perfectly, but they are very good at hovering and performing simple maneuvers (turning and hovering in circles). Scientists will soon inject a chip to prevent them from breaking down and hopefully giving them the ability to fly longer. Scientists are working on improving the stability of these flying robots; soon enough, these "flies" will be able to fly around outdoors against extreme weather conditions.

This article is extremely interesting to me. The idea that tiny little robots disguised as insects could potentially be flying around the world, retrieving information to help better society, is so incredible. These miniature robotic flies have the ability to improve investigations, miliatary based issues, and world wide observations. I think this is a genius idea and I am very intrigued and interested to read more about it.


http://news.discovery.com/tech/robotics/tiny-robo-fly-micro-energy-buzz-130502.htm

UNIT 1 B.1-B.4 VOCAB TERMS

MATTER: anything that occupies space and has mass

• ex. solids, liquids, gases

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance

• ex. density, freezing point of water, boiling point, melting point

DENSITY: the mass of material within a given volume. Water: 1g/mL, 1g/cm^3

WATER FREEZING/MELTING POINT: 0°C or 32°F

WATER BOILING POINT: 100°C or 212°F

AQUEOUS SOLUTION: water-based solution

SURFACE TENSION: shows the strong intermolecular force that holds water molecules together

MIXTURE: when two or more substances combine and the substances retain their individual properties. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical means

• ex. foul water 

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE: composition is not the same, or uniform, throughout

• ex. foul water (coffee grounds), suspension 

SUSPENSION: solid particles are large enough to settle out or can be separated by using filtration

• ex. water + coffee grounds and water + small pepper particles 

TYNDALL EFFECT: the scattering of light that indicates that small, solid particles, are still in the water

COLLOID: the small, solid particles that remain still in the water. Make liquid cloudy

• ex. whloe or low-fat milk 

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE: a mixture that is uniform throughout 

SOLUTIONS: homogeneous mixtures (such as salt solution)

SOLUTE: salt in a salt solution; dissolved substance

SOLVENT: water in a salt solution; dissolving agent

PARTICULATE LEVEL: the level of atoms and molecules

ATOMS: building blocks of matter. all matter is made of atoms

ELEMENT: matter that is made up of only one kind of atom

• ex. hydrogen, oxygen 

COMPOUND: a substance that is composed of the atoms of two or more elements linked together chemically in certain fixed proportions

• ex. water (H20) 

CHEMICAL FORMULAS: represent compounds

• ex. C8H18

SUBSTANCE: all elements and compounds. has a uniform and definite composition, as well as distinct properties

MOLECULE: the smallest unit of a molecular compound that retains the properties of that substance (smallest representation of the substance) ex: H2O molecule represents water

CHEMICAL BONDS: hold atoms of molecules together

MOLECULAR COMPOUND: such as H2O

ISBS pg. 50, #1-12

1. Physical properties are properties that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance. 

2.  The physical properties of water include density and the freezing, melting, and boiling points of water.

3. Solid water is not nearly as dense as liquid water. For example: ice floats to the top of a cup of liquid water because it is not as dense.

4. A situation in which you may observe water as a solid, liquid, and gas at once would be You might observe water as a solid, liquid, and a gas at the same time when you are by a frozen pond. While the pond is made up of liquid water, the top layer would be frozen. When the water is frozen, it releases liquid in the form of gas up into the air.

5. A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture that is not uniform throughout, while a homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout and evenly distributed. 

6. It's important to know the densities of each material; whichever has the lower amount of density will rise to the top.

7. 

a. Suspension

b. Suspension 

c. Colloid

d. Solution 

e. Suspension 

f.  Colloid 

8. Similar to the Tyndall Effect, the beam of light passing into the room shows that there are small particles present in the air; thus, the air in the room is a colloid because there are small solid particles which are too tiny to filter through any process.

9. 

10. Also like the Tyndall effect, this red liquid is a colloid. Due to the fact that no particles sank to the bottom, it is not possible for the liquid to be a suspension.

11. A substance has a uniform/definite composition and distinct properties. For example: elements and compounds.

12. 

a. Compound

b. Element

c. Compound

d. Element 

e. Compound 

f.. Compound

g. Compound 

UNIT 1A VOCAB TERMS

UNIT 1A VOCAB LIST!

PURITY: clean, free from impurities

FILTRATE: the liquid collected after it has been filtered

ADSORB: to attract and hold onto a surface

PERCENT RECOVERY: percent of original foul water sample recovered as purified water

PURIFIED WATER: water that has been cleaned through a process of filtration/purification

HISTOGRAM: shows percent of total amount of each lab's data

RANGE: the difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set

MEAN: average value found by adding all values together and dividing the sum by the total number of values

MEDIAN: middle value

DISTILLATION: the process of separating salt from water through evaporation and condensation in a distillation apparatus

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY: focuses on the presence of dissolved, electrically charged particles in water

THE TYNDALL EFFECT: the clarity of a water sample tested by passing a beam of light through each sample. Presence or absence of the Tyndall Effect

PURE: clean, purified

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: the cycle of water falling, evaporating into the air, condensing, and falling again

DIRECT WATER USE: water that can be directly measured

INDIRECT WATER USE: hidden uses of water

GASEOUS STATE: water vapor in the air

LIQUID STATE: in lakes, rivers, oceans, clouds, and rain

SOLID STATE: ice

SURFACE WATER: a river or other body of water

GROUNDWATER: a well- must be pumped to the surface

AQUIFIER: a water-bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel

HOMEWORK DAY #2:

ISAS  page 23:
3. (a) Indirect because you must take into consideration the materials used to produce the filter paper, which include water.
    (b) Direct because water is being directly used to wet something.
    (c) Direct because water is being directly used and measured.
4. To "purify" water means to make it clean enough so that you are able to either wash your hands in the water, or use it for other purposes. To purify water is to get rid of all of the dirt and grime within the water and clean and filter it so that it is avaiable for use.
5. Oil-water separation, Sand filtration, Charcoal Adsorption and Filtration.
6. Oil, solids present in the liquid, and the odor, color, and appearance of the water.
7. (a) Even through all of the lengthy steps, salt remains in the water and is difficult to filter out.
    (b) To purify salt water, we would have to separate the salt from the water. This could possibly be done through some sort of process similar to the sand filtration process.

ISAS page 22:
1. Cars, lawn, and windows.
2. Drinking water and water for pets.
3. You can reduce lawn water and shower water.
4. (a) Impure water could be used to wash the windows.
    (b) It could be taken from the water that would have been used to wash the car.

BLOG RESPONSE:
1. Chemistry is the section of science that deals with the indentification of the substances of which matter is composed. Chemistry helps us to understand and make informed, logical, and real decisions which will help us later on in life.

Lab Report

Foul Water Lab Experiment

6-18-13

Clemmy, Julia, Kourosh

Summer School 2013

Dr. Forman



Abstract:

• Overall, the experiment was very successful. We were able to purify our water, after executing each of the 3 procedures. Although the charcoal adsorption and filtration system was lengthy, we were able to wash our hands safely in the pure, clear water.

Procedure:

1. Prepare for experiment.

2. Retrieve 100 mL of foul water from Dr. Forman. Proceed to measure it's volume and record the data found.

3. Describe and record the following: appearance, color, clarity, odor, oil presence, solid presence.

4. Let sample sit.

5. Remove as much of the upper liquid (oil) as possible.

6. Put a few drops of distilled water into the cylinder and check to see it the distilled water floats to the top or sinks the bottom.

7. Record data as shown in step #3.

8. Dispose as intructed by teacher.

9. Prepare paper cups; poke holes using paper clip.

10. Add 1 cm of gravel, then 2 cm of sand, and then 1 cm of gravel. Moisten.

11. Pour foul water and use the sand and gravel to filter it into the beaker below.

12. Dispose as instructed by teacher.

13. Record data as shown in step #3.

14. Fold a piece of filter paper as shown in the drawing on pg. 12 (I folded it wrong, don't do that).

15. Put the filter paper in the funnel and moisten the paper so that it stays down.

16. Place funnel in metal ring and place beaker below.

17. Mix the 1 teaspoon of charcoal, given to us by Dr. Forman, into a beaker with foul water and swirl for a few seconds.

18. If happy with your result, record data as previously done and then dispose.

19. Wash hands thouroughly.

Purpose of experiment:

• The purpose of the experiment wass to purify the foul water, making it possible to wash your hands safely.

CLASS RESULTS:

• The aggregated data shows that the volume of the water lowered as the water went through each step of the process. Each step filtered more and more out of the water. The foul water was not completely pure because there was electrical conductivity apparent. We know this because we took a conductivity test and the light brightened meaning there is electrical conductivity.
  

GROUP RESULTS:

THE HOLY WATER: