A Fourth of July Unpleasant Surprise

This Fourth of July holiday, collectively Americans will eat some 150 million hot dogs, according to industry analysts. U.S. supermarkets alone sold more than $1.6 billion worth of hot dogs last year. That’s a lot of beef—and pork, and turkey, and chicken. Beef, pork, turkey, and chicken, surprsingly, are all components in making your average Fourth of July hotdog.  As of last year, hotdogs made by industry Oscar Mayer got knocked out of first place for most-consumed dogs by Sara Lee’s Ball Park brand; however nobody truly knows what goes inside these hotdogs.

Ball Park Hotdogs:
Turkey is produced by forcing bones, with attached edible tissue, through a sive or similar device under high pressure.

Pork is produced by using any "meat"  that can be taken off the bone by "advanced meat recovery (AMM) machinery" which separates the edible meat from the inedible without breaking the bone.

Water say that hot dogs must be less than 10 percent water under Ball Park Franks.

Corn syrup is often used to add texture and sweetness, but has many dangerous health risks when served at high amounts.

Each of these hot dogs contain about 20 percent (480 milligrams) of the recommended daily allotment of salt.

Potassium lactate is a common meat preservative because of its properties as an antimicrobial which means that it is capable of killing off harmful bacteria, but is not good for your liver.

Sodium phosphates is any of three sodium salt of phosphoric acids that can be used as a food preservative or to add texture.

Flavorings are a very repulsive idea. Most combinations of flavoring agents are okay to just be listed as "flavor" rather spelled out individually, so the packaging doesn’t have to tell you what the artificial flavor is really made up of.

Beef stock is usually made by boiling water with pieces of muscle, bones, joints, connective tissue and other parts of the carcass.

Sodium diacetat helps to fight fungus and bacterial growth and is often used as an artificial flavor for salt and vinegar chips; however, it is also what they use to make hand warmers warm.

Sodium erythorbate helps keep meat-based products pink, even when they really shouldn’t be or are not pink.. Some people report side effects, including dizziness, gastrointestinal issues, headaches and, if consumed in large quantities, kidney stones..

Sodium nitrate is a preservative that helps meats retain their color; unfortunately, animal studies have linked sodium nitrates to an increased risk of cancer. It’s also frequently found in fertilizers and fireworks!

Oscar Mayer Classics have a similar list of ingredients which consists of: mechanically separated turkey, mechanically separated chicken, pork, water, salt, ground mustard seed, sodium lactate, corn syrup, dextrose, sodium phosphates, sodium diacetate, sodium acorbate, sodium nitrate, and flavor. The two top companies, Oscar Mayer and Sara Lee Ball Park Brand now offer at least 34 hot dog varieties between them, ranging from Ball Park’s Cheese Franks to Oscar Mayer’s XXL Premium Beef Franks, all made with almost no real, healthy meat.

 http://www.scientificamerican.com/report.cfm?id=barbecue-food-science

Homework due Thursday, July 12

Page 132 #26-34

26. Nonmetallic elements are more likely to lose electrons.

27. Noble Gases are nonreactive and extremely stable.

28.

a. cation

b. cation

c. anion

d. cation

e. anion

f. cation

g. cation

h. anion

29. Copper metal and copper ions differ because two electrons are absent. It is a much larger change when neutrons alter as opposed to when electrons alter because of the size difference.

30. 156 + 254= 410

            410 / 10= 205

31.

a. Chemical: rusting which changes the color due to oxygen change

Physical: painting something in order to change its color

b. Chemical: combustion to heat up

Physical: boiling/ freezing point

c. Chemical: reaction with acid

Physical: water vapor that rises after boiling

32.

a. Bromine

b. Silicon

33. Mendeleev used atomic weight along with similarities in chemical and physical properties to organize the periodic table. In analyzing our Snake River data to solve the fish-kill mystery in Unit 1, we had to compare mass changes among the different substances we tested for with the normal masses. We used our knowledge of properties of the different substances to create legitimate and logical hypotheses

34. Argon (atomic weight: 39.95) would have had to be placed after potassium (atomic weight: 39.10), and cobalt (atomic weight: 58.93) would have had to be placed after nickel (58.69) in order to be accurate in Mendeleev's original periodic table

2SBS:

1)
Atmosphere: nitrogen, oxygen, neon, argon
Hydrosphere: water, dissolved minerals
Lithosphere: petroleum, metal-bearing ores

2)
a. The crust= the thin band of soil and rock containing major raw materials needed to build all manufactured objects.
-The mantle= the middle layer of the lithosphere.
-The core= Earth's center: extremely hot.
b. The crust is the main storehouse of chemical resources

3)
a. Mexico
b. Japan
c. China

4)
China produces the largest mass of the eight resources on the table.

5)
Ores are naturally occurring rocks or minerals that can be mined and from which are profitable to extract a metal or other metal. Minerals are naturally occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest.

6)
-the quantity of useful ore found at the site.
-the percent of metal in the ore.
-the type of mining and processing needed to extract the metal from its ore.
-the environmental impact of the mining and metal processing.

7)
It is possible that the gold had replaced after 100 years and demand for gold was high.

8)
Useful ore refers to the amount of the desired mineral being minded.

HW due Wednesday, July 10

13.
a. A horizontal row is known as a period, with elements listed in order of increasing atomic numbers.
b. A vertical column is known as  a group, with grouped elements that have similar properties.

14. Sodium (Na) and Rubidium (Rb).

15.
a. The noble gas family is located on the last row on the right side of the periodic table (the 8th column).
b. Noble gases are do not react.
c. Noble gases are chemically inert.

16.
a. MgF2
b. GaP

17. To determine the melting point of potassium (K),  we must average the melting points of  Na and Rb.

98 plus 39=137
137 divided by 2=68.5

18. The boiling point of iodine is higher than that of chlorine. If the atomic weight of an element is high, it's boiling point is also high; thus, because iodine's atomic weight is 127 and chlorine's atomic weight is 35, iodine must have a higher boiling point.

19.

20. 
a. Berylium= 4 protons, 4 or 5 neutrons, 4 electrons. 
b. Nitrogen= 7 protons, 7 or 8 neutrons, 7 electrons. 
c. Neon= 10 protons, 10 or 11 neutrons, 10 electrons. 

21. An atom can only gain or loose electrons, so the protons always stay the same; thus, to create a lead atom with 2+, the atom had to loose two electrons, to become positive. 

22. 
a. 
Carbon: 12 
Calcium: 41
Platinum: 195
Uranium: 238 

b. Carbon contains two isotopes on the periodic table.

23. The mass number is not enough to justify the claim of the discovery of a new element; however, it would be very helpful to know what the atomic weight and the atomic number of the element.

24. An electron's mass is much much less than that of a proton or neutron (about 1/2000 the mass of the other two).

25. 

Metal v Nonmetal Lab Report

Homework due Tuesday, July 9

1)

a. Physical property

b. Chemical property

c. Chemical property

d. Physical property

2)

a. Physical property

b. Physical property

c. Physical property

d. Chemical property

3)

a. Chemical change

b. Physical change

c. Chemical change

d. Physical change

4)

a. Chemical change

b. Chemical change

c. Physical change

d. Physical change

5. A is a chemical change because the color of the apple, which turned brown; it is also permanent. B is a chemical change because if they loose their charge, thermal energy has been given off and is not airborne. C is a physical change because the oils are removed, but the material doesn't change. D is a physical change because the salad dressing separates, but the material doesn't change. 

6. 

a. If you are baking chocolate chip cookies, you mix flour, milk, eggs, sugar, and chocolate chips together in a bowl. You must also separate the batter into little circles and put it in the oven to bake. Then the cookies must be taken out of the oven to cool so they are ready to eat.

b. Mixing the ingredients together is a physical change because though the ingredients are mixed, the materials don't change. Baking the cookies in the over is a chemical change because temperature is permanently changed and the cookies become a solid. Taking out the cookies to cool is a physical change because the cookies do not alter, even though they appear to.

7. 

a. metals

b. non-metals 

c. non-metals

d. metals

8. 

a. metal

b. metalloid

c. non-metal

d. metal 

9. Boron (B) and silicon (Si). 

10. 

a. idoine is a nonmetal, so it would shattter.

b. zirconium is a metal, so it would flatten. 

c. phosphorus is a nonmetal, so it would shatter.

d. nickel is a metal, so it would flatten. 

11. Nonmetals do not conduct electricity and are not malleable; thus, nonmetal wiring would not be able to bend or send off electricity.

12. Metals are suitable for use in coins because they do not break; yet, they are shiny, and are malleable. 

Extra Credit due Wednesday, July 3

A couple years ago, Francis Schwarze, who works at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, made an unusual discovery. He knew that sound travels faster through healthy wood than it does through the soft stuff left by a fungal attack; however, some fungi do not slow sound. Violins are made using many different forms of wood, but Dr. Schwarze had some violins made from wood that was infected with fungi and observed, soon seeing that they sounded just like a Stradivarius. Schwarze is now in the process of standardizing this procedure to create "mycowood". In the years between 1645 and 1715 in Europe, the long winters and cool summers wood grew slowly and evenly, making the wood perfect for a good violin. Dr. Schwarze decided to begin treating wood with different species of fungi, specifically Physisporinus vitreus and Xylaria longpipes. He then applies these fungi to the two most common types of wood used to produce violins: Norway spruce and Sycamore. Schwarze found that these two species gradually degrade the cell walls of the wood, making them thinner, which then results in a different sound. After the walls of the wood have degraded just enough to reach the designated sound, Dr. Schwarze kills the infections with gas, and the violins sounds practically exactly the same! In a study that Schwarze conducted, it was shown that when comparing Schwarze's "mycowood" violin and a Stradivarius violin, a group of violin experts could not tell the difference. Francis Schwarze has solved an issue that has been troubling instrument makers and musicians for over 300 years.

Mycowood

Stradivarius 

Dead Moll's Fingers

White Rot

• This article was significant to me because I have never learned or known anything about violins. It is very interesting because I was never aware that different types of woods make different sounds. I was also interested because I play the piano so all instruments are special to me.

Scenario 1 and 2 of the RIverwood Fish Kill

Scenario 1:

• During the month of August, there was an unusually high amount of water in August. Because of this high amount of rainfall and Snake River flow, there was a high amount of pesticide (.08) in the month of September because of the pressure of the rainwater that washed the pesticides into the river during the month of August.

Scenario 2:

• During the month of September, there was an unusually high amount of rainfall (60.10 mm). In addition, there was a high amount of nitrate 20.000 ppm. September 1 there was a 18.00 mm of rainfall and a 14.000 ug/L of organic carbon. The rainwater washed the nitrate from the soil into the river that had a fatal affect on the fish in the river.