Chem Feedback

1. I think that the class as a whole has worked very well. We all got along extremely well and had a great time together, which made the class ten times more fun.

2. I think the homework load could be lessened a little bit; however, I really enjoyed the course and I don't think it needs a lot of change. Although, the math section was fairly tough for me and I think the review of it could've been handled a little better.

3. I think it would be a good idea to focus and spend more time on the Economist presentations (maybe a week). We could do them with a partner and expand the presentation by making a funny movie or a poster.

4. We could update our blogs more often, or do blog checks on each blog once a day.

5. I think that for further reference, it may be a good idea to check every blog for homework, just to ensure that the homework has been completed by every student.

6. I love the idea of interactive tests and learning, for example: learning songs and fun tricks to memorize things, or playing games to learn new things. I also like the idea of drawing fun little things on tests and quizzes. Lastly, I think that we should be able to use our immaginations freely all the time, even during a test or quiz.

Final Extra Credit Project

The toughest streets of Kent are to be found in these little pink boxes; that is, at least they are if you look at them through the crime-prediction software produced by PredPol. Crimes commonly committed in Kent, England show up on PredPol’s maps highlighted by pink squares. The predictions are very spot in, in fact, according to Mark Johnson, a police analyst: “In the first box I visited we found a carving knife just lying in the road.” PredPol is one of a range of tools using better data to predict the scene and possible cause of a crime. During a four-month trial in Kent, 8.5% of all street crime occurred within PredPol’s pink boxes, with plenty more next door to them; predictions from police analysts scored only 5%. However, PredPol also brings worries about privacy, and of justice systems run by machines not people. This brings up a worry that police officers will no longer have to really "do their job", but the computers will do it for them. Although, intelligent policing can convert these modest gains into significant reductions in crime. Within six months of introducing predictive techniques like PredPol in the Foothill area of Los Angeles, in 2011, property crimes had fallen 12% compared  with the previous year when it had not been used. The predictive approach works best against burglary and thefts of vehicles or their contents; crimes like these provide plenty of historical data to chew on, however, adding extra types of information, such as details of road networks, can fine-tune forecasts further. 

This is significant to me because both me, and my dad, are very interested in crime investigation and types of things like that, so I was very interested in anything related to that. I also think it is so fantastic that they have come up with a technology that actually gets officers ten times closer to catching criminals and solving serious crimes.

http://www.predpol.com

HW due Thursday, July 25

1. 

A. Monomer-- 1 repeating unit

B. Dimer-- 2 repeating units

C. Trimer-- 3 repeating units

D. Polymer-- unlimited

3. Natural polymers= medicines, food additives, cotton, and silk

    Synthetic polymers= paint components, fabrics, and rubbers

6. The term unsaturated is used to explain the structures of alkenes and alkynes since not all carbon atoms are bonded to their full potential with four other atoms.; plus, alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

13. See drawing.

11. 

A. Riding a bike= i

B. Illuminating a lightbulb= iii

C. Producing electricity in a wind-powered generator= i

D. Running a gasoline-powered lawn mower= ii

      

12. The left over 75% of the energy is lost because of the surrounding thermal energy, A.K.A. heat.

HW due Wednesday, July 24

31. 
A. Propane, C3H8
B. Pentane, C5H12 

32. The ending "ane" implies that hexane is an alkane. 

33. Yes, each of the molecules are isomers of one another. They are arranged differently, yet they are composed of the same number of atoms.

34. See drawing.

35. Butane is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism due to the fact that it has four carbon atoms in it. 

36. Both are correct since, although their atoms are in different arrangements, the formulas are the same.; thus, the molecules would be structural isomers of each other. 

37. 
A. See drawing 
B. The straighter the chain, the higher the boiling point. 

38. 
A. A short-straight chain would have the lowest boiling point because of the weaker intermolecular forces. And because of this the bonds are much easier to break apart.
B. A short-branched chain would have the lowest boiling point because longer branched-chains have a stronger molecular force.
C. A long, straight chain has a lower boiling point because it has a weaker intermolecular force than a short, branched-chain.

1. Petroleum is considered "buried sunshine" because as a fossil fuel, it originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals, and as sunlight is captured by these prehistoric gren plants during photosynthesis, the energy released is the burning of petroleum.

2. 
A. Potential energy is energy of position, or stored energy, which is ready to be released. An example of potential energy is the energy within a skate board on top of a hill. 
B. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. The skateboard going down the hill represents kinetic energy. 

3. When a chemical reaction takes place and releases energy, bonds break and reatant atoms reorganize to form new bonds.

4. Butane has more potential energy because it has a higher boiling and more carbons.

5. 
A. Potential energy. 
B. Potential energy. 
C. Kinetic energy. 
D. Potential energy. 
E. Kinetic energy. 

6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is what causes the reactant bonds to break and reorganize to form new bonds and energy. 

7. 
A. Exothermic; energy is released
B. Endothermic; energy is needed
C. Endothermic; energy is needed

8. Burning candle is an exothermic reaction because there is more energy in the product than in the reaction to begin with. 

9. See drawing. 

10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. Hence, the product of a burning candle yields more energy than the energy to begin the reaction with an unlit candle. Since more energy is let off than required to begin the reaction, burning a candle is an exothermic reaction. 

HW due Tuesday, July 23

Page 233 #1-30 (except 2, 4, 9, 14, 24, and 25)

1. Molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.

3. It is not a renewable resource; however, it is very adaptable and is used to generate heat, electricity, and energy.

5. Oil is crude because it is pumped from below the ground and it cannot be used in its natural state unless it has a little bit of refinement in which it is separated into simpler mixtures using distillation.

6.

A. 0.11 x 20,000,000= 2,200,000 barrels

B. 0.89 x 20,000,000= 17,800,000 barrels

7.  Heating and cooking fuel, petrochemicals, refined oils, gas oil, heavy furnace oil, diesel fuel oil, and lubricating oil.

8.

A. Water bottle, sports equipment, and clothing.

B. A water bottle can be made out of aluminum, and you can use bamboo to improve it flexibility and lightness.

                                                                                                                     

10.

A. The Middle East has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population.

B. Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania have the least petroleum reserves relative to its population.

11.

A. North America, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe consume a greater proportion of the world’s supply of petroleum than they possess.

B. The Middle East, Africa, and Central and South America consume a smaller proportion of the world’s supply of petroleum than they possess.

12. Density can be used to separate two different liquids if the substances are insoluble.

13. Water and acetone would be the easiest to separate from each other by distillation because water has the highest boiling point, and acetone has the lowest of the four substances, water and acetone would separate fairly quickly and easily by distillation.

15.

16. Fractional distillation differs from simple distillation because fractional distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil. Instead, it produces many different mixtures called fractions. Fractional distillation is a continuous process that consists of a distillation column and various temperatures in order to separate solutions. Simple distillation only involves a apparatus and separates a solution using evaporation and condensation.

17. Products derived from light include motor gasoline and refined oil. Products derived from intermediate include gas oil and heavy furnace oil. Products derived from heavy include lubricating oil/grease and heavy oils/wax.

18. The highest boiling point in a distillation column would most likely be removed at the bottom because the thick liquids never vaporize.

19. After fractional distillation, a way to further separate the mixtures is distillation.

20. Methane, pentane, hexane, octane. The higher the boiling point is, the stronger the intermolecular forces.

21. A covalent bond is the sharing of 2 or more valence electrons between 2 atoms, allowing both atoms to completely fill out their outer shells.


22. Atoms with filled are particularly stable, and therefore, tend to be chemically uncreative. Noble gases are atoms with filled outer electron shells.

23. Since the two dogs desire the sock, they must share it, although they desire to have it for themselves; like repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other, but are still connected by the bond they share with the sock connecting them.

26. A) A structural formula shows the makeup of a molecule, as well as how high the boiling point is, where as a molecular formula just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula possesses.

B) The structure of a formula shows how strong molecular bonds within the formula is, as well as the boiling point of the formula.

27. See drawings.

28. The electron-dot representation of a carbon atom only shows four dots because the four dots represent the valence electrons, located on the outer (and not inner) shell of the atom, where two electrons are located.

29.

A. C9H20

B. C16H34

C. C10H22

D. C18H38

30.

A. 128g

B. 226g

C. 142g

D.  254g

Blog Post

The phrase "global warming" is used by scientists all over the world to describe the unusual increase in the Earth's surface temperature that has been occurring since the beginning of the 20th century. However, they prefer the use of the phrase "climate change" to describe the complex changes the Earth's climate is undergoing. The rising temperature of the planet will produce heat waves, declining air quality. A raise in temperature can also harm illnesses carried by insects that proliferate in warmer temperatures. The extinctions or many species, such as birds, and frogs, are also put in danger by global warming, if they are not able to adapt to the climate changes. 

HW due Monday, July 22

*** #18 (B)

*** #18 (A)

4SBS #1-8

1. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy are proportional. This means that high frequency radiation is high- energy radiation, as well.

2. The word spectrum is a good way to describe the different types of energy within electromagnetic radiation due to the fact that the spectrum exemplifies the range of energy.

3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis; however, other forms of electromagnetic radiation aren’t since visible radiation can strengthen electrons in chemical bonds; therefore, providing energy needed for photosynthesis.

4.

A. Inferred radiation, visible radiation, and ultraviolet radiation.

B. Infrared radiation is basically heat energy; it keeps living things warms. Visible radiation can strengthen electrons in chemical bonds; for example: photosynthesis. Ultraviolet radiation may cause sunburns, various skin diseases, and can kill bacteria, and ultraviolet radiation is a necessity for humans.

5. Ultraviolet light is used to sterilize things, such as protective goggles. Also, UV-C radiation is the most energetic and kills bacteria and destroys viruses. This is due to the fact that UV-C photons have enough energy to break covalent bonds.

6. Carbon dioxide and water vapor are two natural green house gases that absorb infared radiation and reradiate the energy back to Earth. Typiucally on a nice day, nearly 90% of visible radiation that is directed toward Earth moves to the Earth's surface. UV-C radiation is immersed within the stratosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface.

7. As greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor are formed, more infrared radiation is absorbed; therefore, more energy is reradiated on earth's surface, hotter water affects the hydrologic cycle, and thus, Earth is hotter.

8.

A. Lake water reflects light and absorbs and stores heat. Asphalt, such as snow, sand, or concrete, warms up when exposed to sunlight; therefore, heating. This is due to the fact that when solar radiation strikes these materials, it is reflected and illuminated back into space.

B. Water acts as a greenhouse gas and absorbs infrared light and reradiates it back to earth's surface, then the asphalt directly reflects light sources back up into space.

4SBS #14-20

14. CO2 in the atmosphere, as well as water vapor help maintain moderate temperatures since they are both greenhouse gases; therefore, they will absorb infrared radiation and help maintain temperature.

15.

A. Increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere:

          Natural process: breathing, bacterial decay

          Human process: agricultural, industrial process and the burning of fossil fuels

      B. Increase the amount of CH4 in the atmosphere:

          Natural process: decomposition product of animal waste

          Human process: refining fossil fuels or raising livestock

16. An increase in greenhouse/ atmospheric gases, which causes higher pressure, would cause the average surface temperature to increase in the composition of the atmosphere, and the decrease of greenhouse/atmospheric gases, which causes lower pressure, would cause the average surface temperature to decrease would be.

17. A green house with transparent glass walls is much warmer than a structure with opaque wooden walls because the inferred light would not be able to escape the glass; thus, this is pretty much how greenhouse gases work.

18.

A. *****

B. *****

19. Atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate found within limestone, natural gas, and organic molecules.

20. Photosynthesis could be the cause of why carbon atoms could be part of the atmosphere as a gas; furthermore, they could be part of the lithosphere due to plant or animal decay.